SEARCH HEALTH STUDIES

New WIC food rules: Whole Grain Consumption Up

A cross-sectional study of more than 3.5 million administrative records in the New York State WIC Statewide Information System (WICSIS) was conducted to examine trends from 2008 to 2011 in prevalence of feeding practices after the 2009 implementation of new WIC food packages. Overall positive changes in all reported behaviors were observed. Reported behaviors included daily consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-/nonfat milk. 
Obesity. July 2013; 21(7): E1-E7. (Chiasson et al.)

Whole Grains Reduce Inflammation through Gut Changes

Intake of whole grains has long been linked to decreases in the systemic inflammation that may be at the root of many chronic diseases. Researchers at the University of Nebraska recently completed a human trial that explored the mechanisms behind whole grains’ anti-inflammatory effects. They found that eating whole grains (barley, brown rice, or especially a mix of the two) even for a short period altered the gut microbiota in ways that coincided with improvements in systemic inflammation.
Gut Microbes, July 1, 2013; 4(4):340-6. (Walter et al.)

Ethnic differences in Whole Grains Sources of B-vitamins

Data was collected from participants of the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire in order to identify major sources of grains and their contribution of B vitamins in five ethnic groups. The main sources of whole grains for all ethnic-sex groups were whole wheat and rye bread, followed by popcorn and cooked cereals. The only exception being Native Hawaiian men and Japanese Americans for whom brown/wild rice was the second most important source of whole grains. For all ethnic-sex groups with the exception of African American Women the consumption of refined grains was greater than that of whole grains. An important contribution to the intakes of niacin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and folic acid was made by grain consumption.  
Nutrition Journal. 2013; 12:65. (Sharma et al.)

Whole Grains and T2 Diabetes in Older Women

Using data from the prospective Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Observation Study investigators in the US analyzed the relationship between whole grain consumption and the incidence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). Over a median follow-up period of 7.9 years a strong relationship was found between increased whole-grain consumption and reduced risk of T2DM. The findings from this study also provide support for the hypothesis that the association between whole grain consumption and the incidence of T2DM is modified by weight loss and smoking. 
Annals of Epidemiology. 2013; 23: 321-327. [Epub April 22, 2013] (Parker et al.)

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Whole Grains

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to affect 20-46% of the population in Westernized countries, and 90% of obese people. With obesity rising, it’s essential to provide dietary guidelines for those at risk for, or diagnosed with, NAFLD. Because research shows that diets rich in whole grains reduce many of the risk factors for NAFLD, scientists working with the Nestlé Research Center recommend that “people with or at risk of NAFLD should choose whole grains over refined grains in their diet.”
International Journal of Endocrinology. 2013; 2013: article ID 585876 (Ross et al.)

New WIC food rules: More whole grains bought, but not eaten

A group of researchers from the University of Illinois set out to evaluate the impact of the changes to the WIC food packages in participants of the Chicago Family Food Survey. A natural experiment was conducted to assess if the changes made to WIC food packages had immediate impact (in 6 months) on dietary intake, food availability and other various life-style measures. Six months after the new rules were implemented modest changes were observed including increased fruit intake among Hispanic mothers and increased low-fat dairy intake among Hispanic mothers, Hispanic children and African American children. Availability of low-fat dairy and whole grain foods in homes increased yet changes in food availability were not correlated with changes in dietary intake. Dietary changes varied by racial/ethnic group in this sample that was comprised of Hispanic and African American mother-child dyads. 
Public Health Nutrition. [Epub April 2, 2013] (Odoms-Young et al.)

Processing Barley & Oats Can Make Phenols More Bioaccessible

A food’s nutritional quality is influenced not only by its ingredient list, but also by how it is processed. To see how processing grains affects the bioaccessibility of nutrients in animals, researchers measured the free and bound phenolic acids in pigs after feeding them whole grain barley and oats, or extruded whole grain barley and extruded oats. Extrusion is a process used to make pasta, cereal, croutons, and other grain products, by sending a flour and water mixture through a die to get uniform shapes. The researchers found that the phenolic acids (healthy phytochemicals found in plant foods) were 29% and 14% more bioaccessible in extruded barley and extruded oats, respectively, compared to their non-extruded counterparts. While this is just an animal study, it indicates that different processing methods might make different nutrients more readily available.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2013 Mar 20;61(11):2739-47. (Hole AS et al.)

Promoting Health Benefits of Brown Rice May Improve Acceptance in India

Brown rice, which contains all of its healthy bran and germ, has more than twice as much fiber, potassium, vitamin B6, and magnesium as refined white rice, as well as more of many other essential nutrients. However, white rice is still more common in many places around the world. Nutrition researchers surveyed 82 adults in Chennai, India to learn about their attitudes and preferences towards different types of rice, and also conducted taste tests. “Cooking quality and appearance of the grains” were the most important factors shoppers considered when choosing rice. While most strongly preferred white rice, 93% of participants were willing to substitute brown rice, if affordable, after the taste tests and learning about the health benefits. The researchers conclude that “education regarding health benefits may help this population switch to brown” rice.
Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2013 Feb;32(1):50-7. (Sudha V et al.) 

Whole Wheat, Rye Don’t Improve Insulin Sensitivity in 12 Week Trial

Epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between whole grain intake and insulin sensitivity. In an effort to investigate this possible relationship a randomized controlled trial was conducted by a group of European scientists. One hundred and forty six individuals were recruited in two European cities (Kuopio, Finland and Naples, Italy) and randomized into two groups. One group consumed a diet based on refined grains and the second group was given a diet based on whole grains. After a 12-week period where good adherence was achieved, there was no significant difference in insulin sensitivity measures between the two groups. 
Clinical Nutrition. 2013. [Epub February 8, 2013] (Giacco et al.)

Early Infant Feeding and Celiac Prevention

At the Medical University of Warsaw, researchers participating in an international project investigating early-life factors that may prevent celiac disease in genetically-predisposed people found several factors that may be involved. Although evidence is still limited, the scientists advise avoiding both early (before 4 months) and late (after 7 months) introduction of gluten; it also seems that introducing gluten while the infant is still being breast-fed may be protective.

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2012 August 21. [Epub ahead of print] (Szajewska et al.)

Whole Grain and Fiber Cut Prediabetic Conditions

Scientists in Kuopio, Finland, reviewed four-day food records of 1261 older adults (age 58-78) to see which dietary factors might correlate with impaired glucose regulation. They found that those eating more saturated fat were more likely to show measures of impaired blood-sugar management, while those eating more whole grain bread and more dietary fiber were less likely to have glucose management problems.

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, July 2012; 66(7):819-24. [Epub March 14, 2012.] (Heikkilä et al.)

Health Benefits Knowledge Increases Whole Grain Interest

A group of scientists in Northern Ireland conducted a series of focus groups to explore the attitudes to and awareness of whole grains, perceived barriers and facilitators of whole grains consumption and feelings about how best to promote consumption. The focus groups were composed of those responsible for purchasing food in their household. They found that participants were generally aware of the term “whole grain” yet many barriers to consumption remained despite the increase in availability and promotion in the UK. Despite this it is noteworthy that after reading about health benefits, mothers of young children discussed introducing whole grains to their children in order to establish lifelong habits. 
Public Health Nutrition. 2012; 16(4): 743-751. [Epub July 4, 2012] (McMackin et al.) 

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